Transformation of Sentences
বাক্য রূপান্তর
একই কথা দশ রকমে বলা যায় — অর্থ না বদলে চেহারা বদলানোই Transformation। পরীক্ষার সবচেয়ে বড় নম্বরদাতা অধ্যায়।
নিয়মটা কী?
অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত রেখে বাক্যের গঠন বদলানোকে Transformation বলে। মূলত ছয় ভাগে এটি হয় — ① গঠন অনুযায়ী (Simple ⇄ Complex ⇄ Compound), ② Affirmative ⇄ Negative, ③ Assertive ⇄ Interrogative, ④ Assertive ⇄ Exclamatory, ⑤ Degree পরিবর্তন, ⑥ Voice ও Narration পরিবর্তন।
মূল পয়েন্টগুলো
- Simple Sentence — একটিমাত্র Finite Verb, একটিই clause
- Complex Sentence — একটি Principal + এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause
- Compound Sentence — দুই বা ততোধিক Principal Clause, and/but/or/so দিয়ে যুক্ত
- Simple → Complex: Phrase-কে Clause বানাতে হয় (because, though, that, when, who ইত্যাদি যোগ করে)
- Complex → Simple: Clause-কে Phrase বানাতে হয় (Participle, Infinitive, Preposition + Noun দিয়ে)
- Complex → Compound: Subordinate Clause-কে স্বাধীন করে and/but/so দিয়ে জুড়তে হয়
- Affirmative → Negative: বিপরীত শব্দ + not, অথবা নির্দিষ্ট structure ব্যবহার করতে হয়
- Assertive → Interrogative: Affirmative হলে Negative প্রশ্ন, Negative হলে Affirmative প্রশ্ন
- Assertive → Exclamatory: Adjective-এর আগে How, Noun-এর আগে What a বসে
- Degree পরিবর্তনে অর্থ এক রেখে Positive ⇄ Comparative ⇄ Superlative করতে হয়
- রূপান্তরের পরেও Tense, Person ও অর্থ অবশ্যই অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে হবে
গঠন / সূত্র
① Simple → Complex (কারণ)
Because of + Noun → Because + Subject + Verb
Because of his illness, he failed. → Because he was ill, he failed.
① Simple → Complex (সত্ত্বেও)
In spite of + Noun → Though/Although + S + V
In spite of his poverty, he is happy. → Though he is poor, he is happy.
① Simple → Complex (বিশেষণ)
Adjective + Noun → Noun + who/which/that + is/was + Adjective
The honest man is respected. → The man who is honest is respected.
① Simple → Complex (উদ্দেশ্য)
to + V1 → so that + S + can/could/may/might + V1
He works hard to succeed. → He works hard so that he can succeed.
② Complex → Simple (Participle)
When/As + S + V → V-ing / Having + V3
When he saw me, he ran away. → Seeing me, he ran away.
② Complex → Simple (Preposition)
Because + S + V → Because of / Owing to + Noun
Because he was ill, he failed. → Because of his illness, he failed.
③ Simple → Compound
Participle/Phrase → Finite Verb + and
Being ill, he could not come. → He was ill and could not come.
③ Complex → Compound (কারণ)
Because + S + V, S + V → S + V + and so / therefore + S + V
Because he was ill, he did not come. → He was ill and so he did not come.
③ Complex → Compound (সত্ত্বেও)
Though + S + V, S + V → S + V + but + S + V
Though he is poor, he is honest. → He is poor but he is honest.
③ Complex → Compound (শর্ত)
If + S + V, S + will + V → Imperative + or/otherwise + S + will + V
If you run fast, you will catch the bus. → Run fast, or you will miss the bus.
④ Negative করা (only / alone)
only/alone → none but (ব্যক্তি) / nothing but (বস্তু) / not more than (সংখ্যা)
Only Allah can help us. → None but Allah can help us.
④ Negative করা (must)
must → cannot but + V1 / could not but + V1
I must go there. → I cannot but go there.
④ Negative করা (as soon as)
As soon as + S + V2 → No sooner had + S + V3 + than + S + V2
As soon as he came, it rained. → No sooner had he come than it rained.
④ Negative করা (both … and)
both … and → not only … but also
He is both wise and brave. → He is not only wise but also brave.
④ Negative করা (every)
Every + Noun → There is no + Noun + but
Every mother loves her child. → There is no mother but loves her child.
④ Negative করা (as … as)
as + adj + as → not less + adj + than
He is as wise as you. → He is not less wise than you.
④ Negative করা (Superlative)
X is the best → No other … is so/as good as X
He is the best boy. → No other boy is so good as he.
④ শব্দ বদলে Negative
always → never | many → not a few | a few → not many | sometimes → not always
He always tells a lie. → He never speaks the truth.
⑤ Assertive → Interrogative
Affirmative → Negative প্রশ্ন | Negative → Affirmative প্রশ্ন
He is a good boy. → Isn't he a good boy?
⑤ Assertive → Interrogative (no use)
There is no use of + V-ing → What is the use of + V-ing?
There is no use of crying. → What is the use of crying?
⑤ Assertive → Interrogative (never)
S + never + V → Did/Does + S + ever + V1?
He never told a lie. → Did he ever tell a lie?
⑥ Assertive → Exclamatory (How)
How + Adjective + Subject + Verb!
The girl is very beautiful. → How beautiful the girl is!
⑥ Assertive → Exclamatory (What a)
What a/an + Adjective + Noun + Subject + Verb!
It is a very fine picture. → What a fine picture it is!
⑥ Exclamatory → Assertive
Subject + Verb + very + Adjective
How lovely the scene is! → The scene is very lovely.
⑦ Degree: Positive → Comparative
No other + N + is as … as + X → X is …-er than any other + N
No other boy is as tall as Rahim. → Rahim is taller than any other boy.
⑦ Degree: → Superlative
X is the …-est + Noun + in/of …
Rahim is the tallest boy in the class.
⑧ too … to
too + adj + to + V1 = so + adj + that + S + cannot/could not + V1
He is too weak to walk. → He is so weak that he cannot walk.
⑧ enough to
so + adj + that + S + can + V1 = adj + enough + to + V1
He is so strong that he can lift it. → He is strong enough to lift it.
উদাহরণ
- Simple: I know his name. → Complex: I know what his name is.
- Simple: Being tired, he stopped. → Complex: As he was tired, he stopped. → Compound: He was tired and so he stopped.
- Affirmative: He is a great poet. → Negative: He is not an ordinary poet.
- Affirmative: I shall remember it. → Negative: I shall never forget it.
- Assertive: Nobody can deny it. → Interrogative: Who can deny it?
- Assertive: It is a very beautiful bird. → Exclamatory: What a beautiful bird it is!
- Positive: Very few metals are as useful as iron. → Comparative: Iron is more useful than most other metals. → Superlative: Iron is one of the most useful metals.
- Active: He wrote a letter. → Passive: A letter was written by him. (বিস্তারিত Voice লেসনে)
ভুল বনাম ঠিক
❌ ভুল
He is too weak that he cannot walk.
✅ ঠিক
He is so weak that he cannot walk.
কেন: ‘too … to’ একরকম গঠন, ‘so … that’ আরেকরকম — দুটো মেশানো যায় না।
❌ ভুল
What beautiful the flower is!
✅ ঠিক
How beautiful the flower is!
কেন: Adjective-এর আগে ‘How’, আর Noun-এর আগে ‘What a’ বসে।
❌ ভুল
None but money can make him happy.
✅ ঠিক
Nothing but money can make him happy.
কেন: ব্যক্তির জন্য ‘none but’, বস্তুর জন্য ‘nothing but’।
❌ ভুল
No sooner he had come than it rained.
✅ ঠিক
No sooner had he come than it rained.
কেন: ‘No sooner’ দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে auxiliary verb subject-এর আগে বসে (inversion)।
❌ ভুল
Though he is poor, but he is honest.
✅ ঠিক
Though he is poor, he is honest.
কেন: Complex-এ ‘Though’ থাকলে ‘but’ বসে না। Compound করতে চাইলে ‘He is poor but he is honest’ লিখতে হবে।
❌ ভুল
Rahim is taller than any boy in the class.
✅ ঠিক
Rahim is taller than any other boy in the class.
কেন: রহিম নিজেও ওই ক্লাসের ছেলে — ‘any other’ না লিখলে সে নিজের চেয়েই লম্বা হয়ে যায়।
মনে রাখার কৌশল
**How + Adjective, What a + Noun।** আর গঠন চেনার সহজ উপায় — Finite Verb একটা হলে Simple, Connector (because/though/that/who) থাকলে Complex, আর and/but/so দিয়ে দুটো স্বাধীন clause জোড়া থাকলে Compound।
পড়া শেষ হলে চিহ্নিত করুন
শেষ করা লেসনগুলো তালিকায় ✅ চিহ্ন পাবে।
📝 বুঝেছেন কিনা দেখি?
৬টি প্রশ্ন। প্রতিটির উত্তরের ব্যাখ্যাও পাবেন।